英语演讲教程
Presentations and Public Speaking in English
A presentation is a formal talk to one or more
people that
"presents" ideas
or
information
in
a clear,
structured
way. People are sometimes afraid
of
speaking
in
public,
but
if you follow
a few simple
rules,
giving
a presentation is actually very easy. This tutorial
guides you through
each stage of giving
a presentation
in
English,
from
the
initial
preparation
to
the
conclusion
and questions
and answers.
This
tutorial
is
itself set out like a mini-presentation.
PreparationCan
you name the
3 most important
things
when giving any presentation?
Number 1 is . . . Preparation
Number 2 is . . . Preparation!
Number 3 is . . . Preparation!!
Preparation is everything!
With good preparation and
planning you will be
totally confident and less nervous. And your audience
will
feel your
confidence.
Your
audience,
too,
will
be
confident.
they
will
be confident
in you.
And this
will
give you control. Control of your audience and of your
presentation. With control, you will be 'in charge' and
your audience will listen positively to your message.
ObjectiveBefore you start to prepare a
presentation, you should ask yourself: "Why am I making
this presentation?" Do you need to inform, to persuade,
to train or to sell? Your objective should be clear in
your mind. If it is not clear in your mind, it cannot
possibly be clear to your audience.
Audience"Who am I making this presentation to?"
Sometimes this will be obvious, but not always. You
should try to inform yourself. How many people? Whoare
they? Business people? Professional people? Political
people? Experts or non-experts? Will it be a small,
intimate group of 4 colleagues or a large gathering of
400 petitors? How much do they know already and what
will they expect from you?
Venue"Where am I making this presentation?" In a
small hotel meeting-room or a large conference hall?
What facilities and equipment are availab
ble? What are the seating arrangements?
Time and length"When am I making this presentation
and how long
will
it
be?"
Will
it
be 5 minutes
or
1 hour?
Just before lunch, when your audience will be hungry,
or just
after
lunch,
when your
audience
will
be sleepy?
MethodHow should I make this presentation?" What
approach should you use? Formal or informal? Lots of
visual
aids
or
only
a
few?
Will
you
include
some
anecdotes and humour for variety?
Content"What should I say?" Now you must decide
exactly
what you
want
to
say.
First,
you
should
brainstorm
your
ideas.
You will
no doubt
discover many
ideas that you want to include in your presentation.
But you
must be
selective. You
should include only
information
that
is
relevant
to
your audience
and your
objective.
You should
exclude
all
other
ideas.
You also
need to create a title for your presentation (if you
have not already been given a title). The title will
help you to focus on the subject. And you will prepare
your visual aids, if you have decided to use them. But
remember, in
general,
less is better
than
more (a
little
is better than a lot). You can always give additional
information
during
the
questions
after
the
presentation.
StructureA
well
organised
presentation
with a
clear structure is easier for the audience to follow.
It
is
therefore
more effective.
You should
organise
the
points
you wish
to make in
a
logical
order.
Most
presentations are organised in three parts, followed
by questions:
Beginning
Short
introduction
wele
your
audienceintroduce
your
subjectexplain
the
structure
of
your
presentationexplain
rules
for
questionsMiddle
Body
of
presentation
present
the
subject
itselfEnd
Short
conclusion
summarise your
presentationthank
your
audienceinvite questionsQuestions and Answers
NotesWhen you give your presentation, you should
be - or appear to be - as spontaneous as possible. You
should not read your presentation! You should be so
familiar with
your
subject
and with
the
information
that
you want
to
deliver
that
you do not
need to
read a text.
Reading
a text
is
boring!
Reading a text
will
make your
audience
go to sleep! So if you don't have a text to read, how
can you remember to say everything
you need to
say? With
notes. You can create your own system of notes. Some
people
make notes
on small,
A6 cards.
Somepeople
write
down just
the title
of
each section
of
their
talk.
Some
people write down keywords to remind them. The notes
will give you confidence, but because you will have
prepared
your presentation
fully,
you may not
even need
them!
RehearsalRehearsal
is
a vital
part
of
preparation.
You should
leave
time
to practise
your
presentation
two
or three
times.
This
will
have the
following
benefits:
you will bee more familiar with what you want to
sayyou
will
identify
weaknesses
in
your
presentationyou
will
be
able
to
practise
difficult
pronunciationsyou will be able to check the time that
your
presentation
takes
and
make
any
necessary
modificationsSo
prepare,
prepare,
prepare!
Prepare
everything:
words,
visual
aids,
timing,
equipment.
Rehearse your presentation several times and time it.
Is it the right length? Are you pletely familiar with all your illustrations? Are they in the right order?
Do you know who the audience is? How many people? How will you answer difficult questions? Do you know the room? Are you confident about the equipment? When you
have
answered
all
these
questions,
you
will
be a
confident, enthusiastic presenter ready to municate
the subject
of
your
presentation
to an eager
audience.
Equipment
Easily
your most
important
piece
of
equipment
is...YOU! Make sure you're in full working order, and
check your personal presentation carefully - if you
don't,
your
audience
will!
the
overhead
projector
(OHP)
displays overhead transparencies (OHTs or OHPTs). It
has several
advantages over
the
35mmslide
projector:it
can be used in daylightthe use
r can face the audiencethe user can write or draw
directly
on the transparency
while
in usethe
whiteboard
(more
rarely
blackboard
or
GREenboard)
is
a
useful
device for spontaneous writing - as in brainstorming,
for example. For prepared material, the OHP might be
more
suitable.
The
duster
is
used for cleaning
the
whiteboard. It is essential that the duster be clean
to start
with.
You may consider
carrying
your
own duster
just
in
case.
Markers
are
used
for
writing
on
the
whiteboard
(delible
-
you
can
remove
the ink)
or
flipchart
(indelible
- you cannot
remove the
ink).
They
are usually available in blue, red, black and green.
Again,
it's a good idea
to
carry
a spare set of
markers
in case you are
given
some used ones which
do not
write
well.
"A
good workman
never blames his
tools."
The
flipchart
consists
of
several
leaves
of paper
that
you
'flip' or turn over. Some people prefer the flipchart
to the whiteboard, but its use is limited to smaller
presentations.
The Slide
projector
-
which
must be used
in a darkened room - adds a certain drama. Some slide
projectors
can
be
synchronised
with
audio
for
audio-visual (AV) presentations. These projectors are
typically used for larger presentations. The majority
take
35mmslides
or transparencies
(as seen here),
but
projectors
for
6x6cm
slides
are
also
available.
Transparencies are projected by an overhead projector
or a slide projector onto a screen - in this case a
folding
screen
which
can be packed up and transported.
The
notebook puter
is
increasingly
being
used
to
display
graphics
during
presentations.
It
is often
used
in
conjunction
with
an
overhead
projector,
which
actually
projects
the
image from
the
puter
screen
onto
the
wall
screen.
Handouts
are
any documents or
samples
that
you 'hand
out'
or distribute
to your
audience.
Note
that
it
is
not
usually
a
good
idea
to
distribute
handouts before your presentation. The audience will
read the handouts instead of listening to you.
Delivery
'Delivery'
refers
to the
way in which
you
actually
deliver
or perform
or
give
your
presentation.
Delivery
is a vital aspect of all presentations. Delivery is at
least
as
important
as
content,
especially
in a
multi-cultural context.
NervesMost speakers are a little nervous at the
beginning
of
a presentation.
So it
is normal if
you are
nervous. The answer is to pay special attention to the
beginning
of
your
presentation.
First
impressions
count. This is the time when you establish a rapport
with
your audience.
During this time, try to
speak
slowly
and
calmly.
You
should
perhaps
learn
your
introduction by heart. After a few moments, you will
relax and gain confidence.
Audience
RapportYou
need
to
build
a
warm
and
friendly relationship with your audience. Enthusiasm is contagious. If you are enthusiastic your audience
will be enthusiastic too. And be careful to establish
eye contact with each member of your audience. Each
person should feel that you are speaking directly to
him or her.
This
means that
you must look
at
each person
in turn - in as natural a way as possible. This will
also give you the
opportunity
to detect
signs
of
boredom,
disinterest
or
even disaGREement,
allowing
you
to
modify your presentation as appropriate.
Your objective is to municate!Body LanguageWhat
you do not say is at least as important as what you do
say. Your body is
speaking
to
your
audience
even before
you open
your mouth. Your
clothes, your
walk, your
glasses, your haircut, your expression - it is from
these that
your
audience
forms its
first
impression
as
you enter the room. Generally speaking, it is better
to stand rather than sit when making a presentation.
Be aware of and avoid any repetitive and irritating
gestures.
Be aware, too,
that
the
movement of your body
is one of your methods of control. When you move to or from the whiteboard, for example, you can move fast or slowly, raising or reducing the dynamism within the audience. You can stand very still whi
le
talking
or you can stroll
from side
to
side.
What
effect
do
you
think
these
two
different
approaches
would have on an audience?
Cultural
ConsiderationsBecause
English
is
so
widely
used around
the
world,
it
is
quite
possible
that
many members of
your
audience
will
not
be
native
English-speakers. In other words, they will not have
an Anglo-Saxon culture. Even within the Anglo-Saxon
world, there are many differences in culture. If we
hypothetically
imagine
a German working
for
an Israeli
pany making a presentation in English to a Japanese
audience in Korea, we can see that there are even more
possibilities
for
cultural
misunderstanding.
You
should
try
to
learn
about
any
particular
cultural
matters
that may
affect your
audience.
This
is
one
reason
why
preparation
for
your
presentation
is
so
important. Cultural differences can also be seen in
body language,
which
we have just
discussed.
To a Latin
from Southern France
or Italy,
a presenter
who uses
his
hands and arms when speaking
may seem dynamic
and
friendly.
To an Englishman,
the same presenter may seem
unsure of his words and lacking in self-confidence.
Voice
qualityIt
is,
of
course,
important
that
your
audience be able to hear you clearly throughout your
presentation.
Rememberthat
if
you turn
away from
your
audience,
for example towards
the
whiteboard,
you need
to speak a little more loudly. In general, you should
try to vary your voice. Your voice will then be more
interesting
for
your
audience.
You can vary
your
voice
in at least three ways:
speed: you can speak at
normal
speed,
you can speak
faster, you can speak more slowly - and you can stop
pletely! You can pause. This is a very good technique
for gaining your audience's : you can change the pitch
of your voice. You can speak in a high tone. You can
speak in a low : you can speak at normal volume, you
can speak loudly and you can speak quietly. Lowering
your voice and speaking quietly can again a
ttract your audience's
important point is not to
speak in the same, flat, monotonous voice throughout
your presentation - this is the voice that hypnotists
use to put their patients' into trance!
Visual aidsOf all the information that enters our
brains, the
vast
majority
of
it
enters through
the
eyes.
80%
of
what
your
audience
learn
during
your
presentation is learned visually (what they see) and
only
20% is
learned
aurally
(what they
hear).
The
significance of this is obvious:
visual aids are an extremely effective means of
municationnon-native English speakers need not worry
so much about
spoken
English
- they
can
rely
more
heavily on visual aidsIt is well worth spending time
in the creation of good visual aids. But it is equally
important
not
to
overload your
audience's
brains.
Keep
the information on each visual aid to a minimum - and
give your audience time to look at and absorb this
information. Remember, your audience have never seen
these visual aids before. They need time to study and
to understand them. Without understanding there is no
munication.
Audience ReactionRemain
calm and
polite if you
receive
difficult
or even hostile
questions
during
your
presentation.
If
you
receive
particularly
awkward
questions, you might suggest that the questioners ask
their questions after your presentation.
Language
Say what you are going to say,Simplicity and
ClarityIf you want your audience to understand your
message, your language must be simple and clear.
Use short words and short sentences.
Do not use jargon, unless you are certain that your
audience understands it.
In general, talk about concrete facts rather than abstract ideas.
Use active verbs instead of passive verbs. Active
verbs are much easier to understand. they are much more powerful. Consider these two sentences, which say the same thing:
Toyota sold two million cars last million cars
were sold by Toyot
a last is easier to understand? Which is more
immediate? Which is more powerful? N ° 1 is active and
N° 2 is passive.
SignpostingWhen you drive on the roads, you know
where you are on those roads. Each road has a name or
number. Each town has a name. And each house has a number.
《英语演讲教程》相关文档：
word制作简报教程09-13
PS教程10-22
PS教程——Photoshop经典实例教程3000例10-22
Photoshop教程1000例10-22
经典ps教程5000例 打造ps高手适合各个阶段 PS教程10-22
Photoshop经典教程10000例设计和作图高手10-22
ps图文教程10-22
modbus poll 教程10-27
安利产品示范教程01-31
道路交通安全学习知识培训教育教程06-14
