第7章 副词
副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
一、副词在意义和形式上具有自己的特征
意义上的特征
在意义上，副词用以说明事件发生的时间、地点，行为的方式、程度，说话者的态度、观点。副词具有明显的修饰和强调功能。
(1)以-ly结尾的副词
大多数副词以形容词直接加-ly构成。这些副词主要用以描述如何地、怎样地。
frequently频繁地
constantly经常地
rapidly迅速地
calmly沉着地
happily高兴地
anxiously焦虑地
注意：
形容词加-ly变副词的规律
①许多副词都是在形容词后直接加后缀-ly构成的。
careful→carefully，quick→quickly，safe→safely，slow→slowly等。
②以-le结尾的形容词需去掉e再加y。
gentle→gently，possible→possibly，comfortable→comfortably等。
③以-y结尾的形容词把y改为i，再加-ly。
easy→easily，happy→happily，heavy→heavily，busy→busily，lucky→luckily等。
特例：shy的副词形式为shyly。
(2)与形容词同形的副词
在英语中有很多形容词和副词是同形的。
late(adj.)已故的、(ad.)迟到
high(adj.)高的、(ad.)高
firm(adj.)稳固的、(ad.)稳固地
early(adj.)早的、(ad.)早
hard(adj.)硬的、(ad.)努力地
straight(adj.)直的、(ad.)径直
fast(adj.)快的、(ad.)快
long(adj.)长的、(ad.)长时间地
enough(adj.)足够的、(ad.)足够
low(adj.)低的、(ad.)低
slow(adj.)慢的、(ad.)慢
(3)其他情况
有些词原形既是形容词又是副词，但在加-ly之后又可以构成另外的副词，这两种形式的副词其意义既有区别又有联系。
hard 努力
hardly 几乎不
near 附近
nearly 几乎
high 高
highly 高度地
most 大多数
mostly 多部分地
deep 深入地下
deeply 深深地
wide 嘴、眼等张得大大地
widely 广泛地
late 迟到
lately 最近、近来
close 靠近
closely 密切地
注意：
(1)加-ly的副词往往具有比喻意义。
The picture is hanging high on the back wall.
这幅画高高地挂在后墙上。
Playing with fire is highly dangerous.
玩火是高度危险的。
(2)有些副词与加-ly的副词在修饰动词时基本相同。
The boy held his mother's hand firmly/firm.
孩子紧紧握住他妈妈的手。
二、副词的分类
副词根据其意义和语法功能可分为以下十类。
1.时间副词
表示时间的副词称为时间副词。常用的时间副词有：
now 现在
then 那时
just now 刚才
right now 刚才
now and then 时不时地
right then 就在那时
right away 立刻、马上
today 今天
tomorrow 明天
soon 很快
ago 以前
late 迟到
since 自……以来
immediately 立刻
often 经常
Mr Wood called just now.
伍德先生刚才来过电话。
I went to London five years ago and I have lived there since.
我五年前去了伦敦，自此一直住在那里。
Young people often forget what they should do.
年轻人经常忘记自己应该做的事。
2.地点副词
表示地点的副词称为地点副词。常用的地点副词有：
here 这里
there 那里
here and there 到处
in 在里边
out 在外边
inside 在里边
outside 在外边
down 在下边
up 在上边
upstairs 在楼上
downstairs 在楼下
back 在后面
far 在远处
over 在那边
everywhere 到处
outdoors 户外
indoors 室内
I looked everywhere for my glasses but didn't find them.
我到处找眼镜可没找到。
I live upstairs，and my parents downstairs.
我住在楼上，我父母住楼下。
Here is my card.Let's keep in touch.
这是我的名片，咱们保持联系吧。
3.方式副词
描述动作发生方式的副词称为方式副词。常用的方式副词有：
well 很好
fast 快地
hard 努力
carefully 细心地
slowly 缓慢地
suddenly 突然地
simply 简直
kindly 和蔼
together 一起
He put the letter carefully into the mailbox.
他把信小心地投进了邮箱。
Slowly，the old woman told us her story.
这位老太太缓慢地给我们讲述着她的故事。
Everything goes very well.
一切进展很顺利。
4.程度副词
用来描述动作、行为或状态程度的副词称为程度副词。常用的程度副词有：
much 很、非常
little 很少地
very 很
enough 充足地
hardly 几乎不
extremely 极端地
entirely 完全地
a bit 有一点
so 如此
too 太
rather 相当
nearly 几乎
almost 几乎
half 一半
quite 很
It is much hotter today than yesterday.
今天比昨天热多了。
I can hardly understand my foreign teacher's classes.
我几乎听不懂外教的课。
Your voice sounds rather strange today.
你的声音今天听起来很怪。
5.频度副词
频度副词主要指一定时间内动作发生的次数。常用的频度副词有：
usually 通常
often 经常
sometimes 有时
never 从来不
always 总是
for ever/forever 总是、永远
constantly 经常地
frequently 频繁地
I usually play the piano after supper.
我通常吃完晚饭后弹钢琴。
It is never too old to learn.
活到老学到老。
Sometimes computers also make mistakes.
有时电脑也出错。
6.评论副词
用来对主句中陈述的观点进行评价的副词称为评论副词。常用的评论副词有：
luckily 幸运
happily 幸运
generally 一般说来
honestly 诚实地说
roughly 大体上
briefly 简洁地
hopefully 充满希望地、令人感到有希望的是
naturally 很自然地
broadly 广义上
narrowly 狭义上
Luckily I found a job I like best.
真幸运我找到了一份我最喜欢的工作。
Honestly，I don't agree to your plan.
老实说我不同意你的计划。
Hopefully，our team can win.
很有希望，我们的队能赢。
7.疑问副词
疑问副词主要用来构成特殊疑问句。常用的疑问副词有：
where 在哪里
when 在什么时候
why 为什么
how 如何
whenever 究竟什么时候
wherever 究竟在哪里
however 究竟如何
Where would you like to go to college?
你准备到哪里上大学？
We still don't know when and how he will come.
我们仍不知他什么时候、如何来。
Wherever should I put all these things?
我究竟该把这些东西放在哪里？
8.关系副词
关系副词主要用来引导定语从句。常用的关系副词有：
where ……的地方
when ……的时候
why ……的原因
I still remember the time when I first appeared on TV.
我仍然记着我第一次上电视的时候。
We're trying to find out the reason why the trees here are dying.
我们正在尽力查明这里的树死亡的原因。
9.连接副词
连接副词主要用来连接句子或从句。
(1)连接两个句子
therefore 因此(表结果)
moreover 再者(表补充)
besides 况且(表补充)
however 不管怎样(表转折)
otherwise 否则(表条件)
then 然后(表时间)
though 但是(表转折，用于句尾，其前有逗号隔开)
(2)引导从句的复合连接副词
复合连接副词主要连接从句，不表示疑问。这类副词主要有：
when相当于the time when...
where相当于the place where...
why相当于the reason why...
whenever相当于any time when...
wherever相当于any place where
however相当于any way that...
I will forever treasure when I studied at college.
我会永远珍惜上大学的时光。
That's where the traffic accident happened.
那就是交通事故发生的地方。
Whenever you've got questions，please feel free to ask me for help.
不管什么时候有问题，请找我帮忙好了。
10.其他副词
其他副词主要包括：yes，no，certainly，surely，really，how等。how可作感叹副词，构成感叹句。
Is your story really true?
你的故事的确是真的吗？
How excited we all were at the good news!
听到这好消息，我们是多么激动啊！
三、副词的功能
1.作状语
副词作状语可以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、分词和全句。
He works very hard on his subjects.(修饰动词)
他努力专攻自己的课题。
She speaks English very beautifully.(修饰另一副词)
她英文说得很好。
I'm very busy these days.(修饰形容词)
这些天我很忙。
Luckily，she had got another chance.(修饰整个句子)
很幸运，她得到了另一个机会。
2.作表语
副词作表语主要指主语的方位、方向、动作等情况。
When the meeting is over，give me a phone call.
会议结束时，给我来个电话。
Sorry，I have to be off right now.
对不起，我得马上走。
Is anybody in?
里边有人吗？
3.作定语
作定语的副词主要为表示时间或地点的副词(here，there，in，out，up，down，below，above，upstairs，downstairs，indoors，outdoors，now，then等)，这些副词作定语时应后置。
Who is the person over there?
那边的人是谁？
Only this can help us all out.
仅此就能使我们脱离困境。
The people there are very kind to visitors.
那里的人对来访者很友好。
注意：
①有些副词可修饰名词，用以加强语气，相当于状语。常用的这类副词有quite，rather，even。
We held quite a party last weekend.
上周末我们举行了一次相当不错的宴会。
Even a child won't believe such a story you told.
就连孩子都不会相信你所说的话。
②有些副词可修饰部分不定代词和数词。常用的这类副词有almost，nearly，roughly，mostly等。
Nearly anyone present at the meeting was an expert on SARS.
参加这次会议的人几乎都是SARS方面的专家。
I learned three foreign languages at college，but now I have forgotten almost all of them.
我上大学时学过三门外语，可现在几乎全忘了。
4.作宾语补足语或主语补足语
副词作补足语主要说明宾语或主语所处的位置、状态等。
Did you see anybody in? (宾语补足语)
你看到里面有人吗？
The boy was seen upstairs.(主语补足语)
有人看见这个男孩在楼上。
四、副词的位置
1.修饰形容词、其他副词时的位置
修饰形容词、副词时，位于被修饰词的前面。
Computers work much faster than before.
计算机的速度比原来快多了。
Happy days pass too soon.
快乐的日子很快过去了。
注意：
enough作为副词时总是置于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。
The book is easy enough for little kids.
这书对小孩来说足够容易。
enough作形容词时，可置于名词之前或之后。
We haven't enough time/time enough to prepare for the meeting.
我们没有足够时间准备会议了。
2.多个副词的排列顺序
(1)时间副词、地点副词
时间副词和地点副词同时出现时，时间副词置于地点副词之后。
I have gone nowhere recently，for I have a dozen irons in the fire.
我最近哪里也没去，因为我实在是太忙了。
(2)强调某一副词时
在强调某一动词的具体方式、状态、程度时，将需要强调的副词提到前面。
We walked slowly downstairs.
我们慢慢地向楼下走去。
(3)有助动词时
说明行为频度的副词常位于行为动词之前，系动词之后；句中有助动词时，则在其后；有多个助动词时，则置于第一个助动词之后。
Jeff is always ready to help others.
杰夫总是乐于助人。
I often go to school at six in the morning.
我经常早上六点去上学。
I have never visited the Great Wall.
我从未到过长城。
You'll always be asked to keep silence over what's happened.
对于所发生的一切，要求你必须保守秘密。
有关副词作状语时在句中的位置请参阅第二部分第7章“倒装”部分。
五、副词的比较级和最高级
副词的比较级和最高级的构成、用法、修饰语和形容词的比较级和最高级的构成、用法、修饰语一样，请参照形容词的比较级和最高级的构成、用法、修饰语。
六、常见副词的用法
1.very，much，very much的区别
very
(1)修饰形容词或副词
(2)修饰形容词性的-ing形式
(3)修饰形容词性的-ed形式
(very)much
(1)修饰形容词或副词的比较级
(2)修饰动词的-ed形式
I'm very fond of music.
我非常喜欢音乐。
This story is very exciting.
这故事很棒。
I was much troubled by the noisy children.
这些喧闹的孩子很惹我烦。
I was very，very much excited to hear it.
听到这我很兴奋。
修饰动词要用much或 very much。修饰形容词或副词比较级、最高级要用much。
I love climbing very much.
我很爱登山。
Thank you very much for your kind help.
非常感谢你热情的帮助。
Thanks very much.
非常感谢。
注意：
tired，excited，pleased，delighted，surprised，frightened等，在实际使用中既可用very，又可用much修饰，书面语中一般仍用much。
2.ago，before
ago用于表示以现在为起点的“以前”，而before则用于以过去某时刻或将来为起点的“以前”，故ago常与一般过去时连用，before则用于完成时态的句子中。另外before还可作连词、介词等，before前还可加上long，构成long before短语。
I arrived here a few minutes ago.
我几分钟前到达这儿。
I have never before read such a moving story as The Bridges of Madison County.
我从来没有读过比《廊桥遗梦》更令人动情的故事了。
I was told that he had gone to town half an hour before.
有人告诉我说他半小时前进城了。
Hurry up，or you'll be probably told that the bus has left a few minutes before when you get to the station.
快点，不然在你到车站时就会被告知车已经走了几分钟了。
I had seen the film The 39 Steps long before.
很久前我就看过电影《三十九级台阶》。
3.already，yet，still
(1)作“已经”讲，already用于肯定句，yet用于疑问句。
We've already met before.
我们以前已经见过面。
Have you been to Paris yet?
你去过巴黎吗？
(2)already用于疑问句表示惊讶之意。
Have you been to Paris already?
你去过巴黎？
(3)作“还”讲，yet用于否定句，still主要用于肯定句、疑问句，表示“依然、继续”，有时也用于否定句。
The rain hasn't stopped yet.
雨还没停。
It is still raining now.
现在雨还在下。
4.too，as well，also，either
(1)too和as well主要用于肯定句和疑问句，多用于口语，一般放在句尾，但有时根据修饰的需要，位置也可以灵活变动。
If you would like to go，I will go，too.
如果你去，那我也去。
She can dance and she can sing as well.
她会跳舞，也会唱歌。
(2)also主要用于肯定句和疑问句，多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。
She can dance and she can also sing.
她会跳舞，还会唱歌。
(3)either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放于句尾。
She can't speak Chinese and her husband can't either.
她不会说汉语，她丈夫也不会。
5.hard，hardly
hard意为“努力”，而hardly意为“几乎不”。
No one works harder than the new comer.
没有人比新来的那个人工作更卖力。
I could hardly understand the physics professor.
我几乎听不懂物理教授的课。
6.rather，fairly
(1)两词都可作“相当”讲，前者修饰褒义词或贬义词皆可，而后者只修饰褒义词。请你仔细比较下列各句：
The book is rather easy for the children of 10.(意思是“不适合”)
这本书对于10岁的孩子来说太容易了。
The book is fairy easy for the children of 10.(意即“适合读”)
这本书对于10岁的孩子来说难易正适中。
Your story is rather interesting.
你的故事相当有趣。
(2)rather可修饰比较级或too引起的短语，而fairly则不可。
The question is rather too difficult for me.
这个问题对我来说太难了。
I feel rather better today.
今天我感觉好多了。
7.deep，deeply
deep往往指有形的“深”，而deeply往往指比喻意义上的“深”。
Frogs will go deep under the ground to have a long sleep in winter.
在冬天青蛙将会深入地下进行冬眠。
I'm working deep into the night these days for a report.
我近来一直工作到深夜准备一份报告。
I was deeply moved by your story.
我被你讲的故事深深打动了。
8.wide，widely
wide指有形的“宽”，而widely指比喻意义上的“宽广”、“广泛”等意。
All the children opened their eyes wide at the news.
听到这消息，所有的孩子都睁大了眼睛。
Computers are now widely used in almost every way.
今天计算机几乎已在每个方面都得到了广泛应用。
9.close，closely
close作副词用时意思为“靠近地”，closely的意思是“紧密地、密切地”。
Don't stand too close to the fire.
不要离火太近。
Watch closely what I am doing and try to see what's happening.
请仔细观察我所做的一切，努力看发生了什么。
10.late，lately
late的意思是“迟到”，lately的意思是“近来、最近”。
I never come to school late.
我上学从来不迟到。
How have you been lately?
你最近怎么样？
11.near，nearly
near指时间、距离、事件等的“靠近、附近”，nearly是“几乎差不多”之意。
The cinema is quite near.
影院离这儿很近。
It's nearly six o'clock.Let's start.
已近六点了，咱们开始吧。
12.high，highly
high指有形的“高”，highly指比喻意义上的“高、高度地”。
If you stand higher，you'll get a wonderful view of the park.
登上高处，你会看到整个公园的美好景色。
We all think highly of Bob's new songs.
我们对鲍勃的新歌评价很高。
It's highly dangerous to live very near TV stations.
住在离电视台很近的地方非常危险。
13.almost，nearly
副词almost和nearly都有“几乎、差不多”之意。
(1)almost比nearly更接近所提到的某一程度。
My little son is almost 10 years old.(可能再有几天就是十岁生日了。)
我的小儿子马上就十岁了。
My little son is nearly 10 years old.(可能是八岁或九岁。)
我的小儿子快十岁了。
(2)一般情况下，在修饰表示肯定意义的动词、形容词、副词和名词时，在all，every，always之类的词之前，两者可换用。
I nearly/almost fell off my bike.
我差点没从自行车上摔下来。
Time is almost/nearly up.
时间差不多到了。
She is nearly/almost always at home in the evening.
她晚上差不多总在家。
Almost/Nearly everybody came.
差不多每个人都来了。
(3)almost可与never，nobody，nothing，no，none，too，more than等词连用，而nearly则不可。在与一些不表示空间或时间，无法比较或衡量的词语连用时，表示心理感觉或心境的词一般用almost。
The speaker said almost nothing worth listening to.
那位发言者所说的话几乎没有一句值得听的。
Our cat understands everything—he's almost human.
我们家的猫什么都懂——他几乎是通人性的。
This is almost more than we feared.
这远远超过我们所害怕的。
You could almost imagine you were in Switzerland.
你差不多可以设想你在瑞士的情景。
(4)nearly可被very，pretty或not前置修饰，而almost则不能。
I'm not nearly ready.
我一点都没准备好。
She looks like her mother very nearly.
她非常像她母亲。
14.perhaps，likely， maybe， possibly， probably
这一组词都有“或许、可能”之意，但描述可能性的角度不一样。
(1)perhaps意思为“也许、可能”，与maybe意思和用法基本相同，口语化较浓，语气较弱，可能性也非常小。
Perhaps/Maybe tomorrow the weather will turn out to be fine.
或许明天天气会转好。
(2)possibly 意思为“可能”、“也许”，来自形容词possible，强调客观存在的可能性，并带有可能性很小的意味；常与may，might 或can，could连用。前者使语气婉转，后者加强语气。在书面语中，possibly 有时可表示perhaps 的意思。
What he said may possibly be true.
他所说的可能是真的。
I will come as soon as I possibly can.
我尽可能快点来。
You can't possibly walk 20 miles in an hour.
你一小时无论如何也走不了二十英里。
He's possibly the most selfish man in town.
他也许是镇上最自私的人。
(3)probably 意为“或许”、“大概”，来自形容词probable ，强调有根据、合情理，常有可能性很大的意味，语气比possibly强，常用more，most修饰，不可用very修饰，也不能用于can，could，may，might等情态动词后。
John most probably told his father all about the matter.He usually tells him everything.
约翰很可能把这件事的一切都告诉了他的父亲, 他通常对父亲从不隐瞒任何事。
(4)likely 侧重从表面看来很有可能，常与probably 混用，但likely 既可作形容词，也可作副词，可用very，more，most修饰。
They'll very likely come by car.
他们很可能坐轿车来。
I shall most likely be at home all day tomorrow.
明天我很可能全天在家。
点击考点
1. I went to the railway station to see my friend off.
A.After eating quickly my dinner
B.After my eating quickly dinner
C.After eating my dinner quickly
D.After eating my quickly dinner
2.Mrs Smith warned her daughter after drinking.
A.never to drive
B.to never drive
C.never driving
D.never drive
3.—Will you give this message to Mr White，please?
—Sorry，I can't.He .
A.doesn't any more work here
B.doesn't any longer here work
C.doesn't work any more here
D.doesn't work here any longer
4.—How did you find your visit to the museum?
—I thoroughly enjoyed it.It was than I expected.
A.far more interesting
B.even much interesting
C.so more interesting
D.a lot much interesting
5.The experiment was easier than we had expected.
A.more
B.much more
C.much
D.more much
6.If there were no examinations，we should have at school.
A.the happiest time
B.a more happier time
C.much happiest time
D.a much happier time
7.There are more people in our city than in yours.
A.a bit
B.much
C.a great deal
D.a great many
8.—Would you please find for the children to read?
—Yes，sure.
A.something easily enough
B.easy something enough
C.enough something easy
D.something easy enough
9.What he said sounds ，but it doesn't.
A.nicely
B.pleasantly
C.friendly
D.wonderfully
10.She doesn't speak her friend，but her written work is excellent.
A.as well as
B.so often as
C.so much as
D.as good as
11. to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.
A.Brave enough students
B.Enough brave students
C.Students brave enough
D.Students enough brave
12.It's believed that you work， result you'll get.
A.the harder;the better
B.the more hard;the more better
C.much;much more
D.far;a little more
13.Get and offer our immediate support to the after-war Afghanistan.
A.there enough fast
B.there fast enough
C.enough there fast
D.fast there enough
14.I am too shy to ask people for directions，but I often receive replies that puzzle me.
A.no longer
B.no more
C.not in the least
D.neither
15.—Richard had another car accident!
— I'm not surprised.He always drives too fast.
A.very
B.much
C.so
D.such
16.We decided not to climb the mountains as it was raining .
A.badly
B.hardly
C.strongly
D.heavily
17.A foreign language can't be learned very quickly;it must be learned .
A.by and by
B.little by little
C.more and more
D.sooner and sooner
18.The students tested on are young people between the ages of 16 and 20.
A.most
B.almost
C.mostly
D.at most
19.—What do you think of the weather in Beijing recently?
—It is .Many people simply can't go to work as usual.
A.much so sandy
B.too much sandy
C.much too sandy
D.so much sandy
20.The sea is not deep .Some parts of it are very shallow.
A.anywhere
B.nowhere
C.somewhere
D.everywhere
21.—Can you ask your neighbours for help?
—I'm afraid not.I know them.
A.hardly
B.only
C.just
D.seldom
22.The machine is getting old and cannot run it did.
A.as faster as
B.so fast than
C.so faster as
D.as fast as
23.Though in good health now，she hardly works before.
A.so hard than
B.hard like
C.as hard
D.so hard as
24.There had been a long discomfort with his eyes and he lost his sight.
A.as usual
B.as matter of fact
C.as a result
D.as well
25. book of this writer is East and West.
A.Known to be the best
B.It was the best known
C.Known as the best
D.The best known
答案：
1.C 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.B 16.D 17.B 18.C 19.C 20.D 21.A 22.D 23.D 24.C 25.C
《高中英语语法 词法 第7章 副词》相关文档：
高中英语语法 词法 第7章 副词06-26
