大豆的生长发育

和各个时期国际划分

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大豆的时期大豆生长发育

02.01.

目录

CONTENTS

大豆种子萌发出土-大豆种子结构

种脐 Hilum

胚根

Radicle

胚芽

种皮

Seed coat

胚轴

Hypocotyl

子叶

Cotyledons

生长点和幼叶

连接胚根胚芽的短轴

生长点和根冠组成

大豆种子萌发出土

The temperature of soybean seeds germination

播种深度对出苗的影响

●表 1-1 播种深度对大豆幼苗器官发育的影响

播种越深,下胚轴越长,主根长度下茬不大,而侧根数量则有随着播种深度的加深而减少的趋

势,这可能是因为,播种越深,下胚轴长,养分消耗多的缘故。一般大豆的播种深度以4cm产量最

高,多雨年份播深以3cm为宜,干旱年份以5cm为好。

播深(下胚轴长度(出苗时主根长度出苗时侧根数量下胚轴重量(mg/

cm)cm)(cm)(根)株)

22.715.92027.6

44.113.02435.0

66.212.81742.6

88.713.21260.7

Soybean Morphology

4种不同类型:

○子叶

○第一对真叶(单叶)

○三出复叶

○先出叶

大豆叶型

●国际植物遗传资源委员会将大豆小叶形状按照主茎中部发育完全的顶小叶长/宽比,划分为3种类型:

ü狭窄型(披针形);长/宽在2.2或以上者; 每荚多为3-4粒,有利于每荚粒数提高

ü狭阔叶型(卵圆形);长/宽在1.8或以下者;每荚多为2-3粒,有利于百粒重增长

ü中间型:长/宽在之间。

Oval

Lanceolate

大豆叶片同化物的输入和输出

Soybean root

大豆的形态特征

根 系

大豆的根系有主根、侧

根、细根、根毛和根瘤组成。

主根深达180cm,横向扩

展35~45cm,主要根系分布在

0~20cm耕层内。

大豆的根系

由分枝到开花,根的生长

最旺盛,从开花末期到豆

荚伸长期,根量达到最高

峰,以后逐渐衰老。

Soybean root

大豆的茎比较坚韧,茎上有节,一般主茎有14

-16节。幼茎有绿色和紫色两种。茎的形态特

点与产量高低有较大关系。

(1)主茎(2)分枝

l 大豆茎分若干节,是由茎尖分生组织细胞

群(分生区)不断分生而产生。

主茎节数与生育期长短有一定关系,一般

生育期长,节多。

大豆的主茎和分枝

大豆的生长习性

主茎和分枝顶端在开花后仍继续生长,开花顺

序由下向上,顶端只长出一个荚。植株较高,

侧枝发达,豆荚均匀分布在各分枝上,主茎豆

荚不集中,荚以中部分枝最多,向上逐渐减少。

○•MG 000 -5

○主茎节的数量在R5期停止增长

○种植日期和熟期能够影响最终杰德数量

无限结荚习性(Indeterminate)

大豆的生长习性

l

在主茎生长高度超过成株高度一半以后,才在茎

的中上部开始开花,然后向上、向下逐节开花,

以后在主茎顶端出现一个大花簇,茎即停止生长。

l

植株矮,主茎粗,节间短,豆荚多集中在主茎上,

在肥地不易倒伏,叶片较肥大。

l

•MG V –IX

l

•主茎的节数在R1期停止增加

有限生长习性(Determinate)

大豆的生长习性

亚有限生长习性(Semi-determinate)

介于以上两种习性之间而偏于无限习性。植株较高大,主茎较发达,分枝性较差。开花顺序由下而上,

主茎结荚较多。

在肥水充足和密植时,表现出无限习性特征,而在肥水适宜、稀植时表现近似有限习性特征。

大豆生长习性

大豆的生长习性是重要的生态性

状。在地理分布上有着明显的规

律和区域性。

南方雨水多,生长季节长,有限

生长习性类型多。

北方雨水少,生长季节短,无限

生长习性类型多。

大豆繁殖器官的建成-花和花序

●大豆的花着生在叶腋间及茎的顶端,呈总状

花序。花朵聚生在花梗上叫花簇。

花色白和紫是品种的重要特征

上 右:

1 旗瓣

2 翼瓣

3龙骨瓣

4 雌雄蕊

5 萼

下 左:1,2 两体雄蕊 3 柱头

●花由苞片、花萼、

花冠、雄蕊和雌蕊

组成。花朵为苞片

所包围,蝶形花冠

有5个花瓣,雄蕊10

枚,雌蕊1枚。

1

3

5

4

2

1

2

3

2

3

大豆繁殖器官的建成-花和花序

l 根据花轴的长度和花数目,可将花序分为3种类型

l 长轴型,花序轴长10cm以上,每个轴上着生10-40

朵花

l 中轴型,花序轴长3-10cm,每个花序着生8-10朵

l 短轴型,花序轴较短,3cm以下,一般3-8朵花

A schematic diagram of soybean plant life cycle

大豆的生长发育过程

n

大豆的一生要经历种子萌发、出苗、幼苗生长、分枝、

开花、结荚、鼓粒、成熟等过程。可分为6个时期:

n

种子萌发和出苗期

n

幼苗期

n

花芽分化期

n

开花结荚期

n

鼓粒期

n

成熟期

Development of the soybean growth stage system

●•1949: Number system (Kaltonet al., 1949)

Ø–2: Three trifoliate leaves unrolled = V3

Ø–7: Small pods on top of plant with full pods at the bottom = R4

or R5

●•1977: Split development into a vegetative and

reproductive stages (Fehr and Caviness, 1977)

●•2004: Slight change in definitions from the

method devised in 1977 (Pedersen, 2004)

Soybean Growth and Development

一些晚熟品种开花后若至于长日照下,其生殖生长停滞,植株上部原有的花

荚脱落,营养生长恢复,新的分枝不断发生。在这种情况下,植株最上部4节

中不会结荚鼓粒,而植株基部存留的荚能够成熟并是全株达到R7

Soybean Growth and Development

●Vegetative Stages

ØV-Stages

ØVE,VC,V1,V2,V3, Vn

●Reproductive Stages

Ø R-Stages

Ø R1,R2,R3,…R8

Ø Starts at Flowering

e

to 14 das after

planting

l Cotyledons above the

soil surface

VE - EMERGENCE

l Unifoliolate leaves have unrolled

l Leaves are opposite

l Unifoliate leaves unrolled

suffciently so the leaf edges are

not touching

VC - COTYLEDON

l One trifoliolate

l One node above the

unifoliolate

l Trifoliolates are produced

singularly and alternately

V1 STAGE

V2 stage

0102

V2 – 2ND NODE

• Two trifoliolates

0304

• Nodules have beenestablished

0506

• Check for proper

nodulation

0708

• If absent determinecause and prepare to

09

apply N

V3 stage

l V3 – Third Node

nodes above unifoliolate

l Cotyledons gone Axillary

buds allow plants to

recuperate

l from damage

l New V stages

l every 3 days

l • 50% leaf loss=3%yield

loss

V6 Stage

R1 Stage: Beginning bloom

●主茎任意节上有一朵花开放Flowering

begins at 3rd to 6th node (V6 to V10

stage)

●Flowering period is 3 to 4 wk

-begins 6 to 8wk after

emergence

-Peaks R2 to R3; ends –R5

●Vertical root growth rates

increase rapidly

-as much as 1.3 to 3.2 in /day

R2: full bloom

n

Open flower at one

of the two

uppermost nodes on

the main stem with

a fully developed

leaf

n

Accumulated 25% of nutrient

total dry wt & 50% accumulation from

of total node #R2 until R7

n

Rapid dry wt and

inanition

n

N-fixation

rate ↑

n

50% defoliation↓ yield

50%

R3: Beginning pod

●pods are 3/16 inch (5 mm)

at one of the four

uppermost nodes on the main

stem with a fully developed

leaf

●Yield is a function of :

Øbase population

Øpod number

ØSeeds per pod

ØSeed weight

Ability to compensate

for stress by

modifying these

factors decreases from

R1 to R5

R3- 初荚前:主茎任意节上出现0.5cm长的幼荚

R4:Full pod

●Pods are 3/4 inch (2 cm) at one of the

four uppermost nodes on the main stem

with a fully developed leaf

●Rapid pod growth & beginning seeds

development

●From R4 to middle R5 critical for yield

ØRapid and steady dry matter

accumulation

ØFlowering is complete

ØYoung seeds & pods are most prone

to abortion

●Yield reductive based on total pod#

Is the main yield limiting factor

ØSeed # per pod and seed size may

also occur

R5: Beginning seed

●seed is 1/8 inch long (3

mm) long in the pod at one

of the four uppermost nodes

on the main stem with a

fully developed leaf

R5-(初粒前):主茎任意节上荚果内种子长度达3mm

R6: Full seed

R6-(满粒前):主

茎任意节上,至少有

一荚果内的青绿种子

体积达最大值

pod containing a green seed that fills the pod capacity

at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem with

a fully developed leaf

l one normal pod on the main

stem has reached it's

mature pod color

l Plants shedding leave is

just prior to R7

R7: Beginning maturity

• 95% of the pods have reached their

full mature color;5-10 days of drying

weather are required after R8, before

the soybeans have less than 15 percent

moisture

R8: Full maturity

Figure. Development and

timing of vegetative

growth, flowering, pod

development, and seed

filling

Duration of soybean development